A review on prevalence of angina pectoris in association with ccf (congestive cardiac failure) in gender and age-based population

Abstract

Angina pectoris, one of the most characteristic symptoms of ischemic heart disease (IHD), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is typically presented as retrosternal chest pain, often radiating to the jaw, arms, or shoulders, and may be triggered by exertion, stress, or occur at rest in severe cases. The underlying mechanism involves an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, primarily due to atherosclerotic obstruction, endothelial dysfunction, or coronary vasospasm. Over time, persistent ischemia and repeated episodes of angina may contribute to the development or worsening of congestive cardiac failure (CCF). CCF, defined as the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation, further complicates the clinical course of patients with angina, resulting in reduced quality of life and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The present study emphasizes the prevalence of angina pectoris in association with CCF across different genders and age groups. Epidemiological data suggest that prevalence increases with advancing age, with men predominantly affected at younger ages, whereas women experience a higher burden after menopause. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and smoking further accelerate disease progression. Management involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and secondary prevention strategies. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and novel anti-anginal agents remain the cornerstone of therapy, while risk factor modification plays a pivotal role in preventing disease progression. This study highlights the need for early diagnosis, gender- and age-specific risk stratification, and effective therapeutic interventions to reduce the burden of angina and its progression to heart failure. Ultimately, a better understanding of this association may improve patient outcomes and reduce cardiovascular mortality.