UPI Journal of Pharmaceutical, Medical and Health Sciences

A detailed review on pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and medicinal properties of guava oil

Pavani Jorepalli — 2025-10-20

Psidium guajava L., commonly known as guava, is a tropical evergreen plant of the Myrtaceae family, traditionally valued for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Native to Central America and Mexico, guava has spread across tropical and subtropical regions due to its adaptability and health benefits. Various parts of the plant—including leaves, seeds, bark, and fruit—are rich in bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, which contribute to its pharmacological potential. Guava essential oil, primarily extracted from leaves and seeds, exhibits diverse therapeutic activities including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, wound healing, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, and cardioprotective effects. Extraction methods such as steam distillation, cold pressing, solvent extraction, and supercritical CO₂ extraction influence oil yield, composition, and quality. Recent advancements in green chemistry approaches—ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction—enhance oil recovery while maintaining ecological sustainability. Phytochemical analyses using GC-MS and HPLC have identified key constituents including β-caryophyllene, limonene, nerolidol, and eucalyptol, responsible for the oils, aroma and biological efficacy. Guava oil finds applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, and traditional medicine, supporting digestive health, metabolic balance, skin regeneration, and management of chronic diseases. The rich ethnomedicinal history combined with modern scientific validation underscores guava oil as a multifunctional natural product with considerable therapeutic and industrial significance.

Keywords: Psidium guajava, guava oil, essential oil, phytochemicals, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, green extraction.

A review on prevalence of angina pectoris in association with ccf (congestive cardiac failure) in gender and age-based population

Sameena Nossam — 2025-10-23

Angina pectoris, one of the most characteristic symptoms of ischemic heart disease (IHD), remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. It is typically presented as retrosternal chest pain, often radiating to the jaw, arms, or shoulders, and may be triggered by exertion, stress, or occur at rest in severe cases. The underlying mechanism involves an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, primarily due to atherosclerotic obstruction, endothelial dysfunction, or coronary vasospasm. Over time, persistent ischemia and repeated episodes of angina may contribute to the development or worsening of congestive cardiac failure (CCF). CCF, defined as the inability of the heart to maintain adequate circulation, further complicates the clinical course of patients with angina, resulting in reduced quality of life and increased risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The present study emphasizes the prevalence of angina pectoris in association with CCF across different genders and age groups. Epidemiological data suggest that prevalence increases with advancing age, with men predominantly affected at younger ages, whereas women experience a higher burden after menopause. Risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia, and smoking further accelerate disease progression. Management involves a combination of lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and secondary prevention strategies. Beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers, nitrates, and novel anti-anginal agents remain the cornerstone of therapy, while risk factor modification plays a pivotal role in preventing disease progression. This study highlights the need for early diagnosis, gender- and age-specific risk stratification, and effective therapeutic interventions to reduce the burden of angina and its progression to heart failure. Ultimately, a better understanding of this association may improve patient outcomes and reduce cardiovascular mortality.

A review on advances in paper electrophoresis method for amoxicillin: environmental and clinical applications

Madhuchandana G — 2025-11-06

Amoxicillin, a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic, remains one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in human and veterinary medicine. However, its extensive global use and incomplete metabolism have led to widespread environmental contamination and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Monitoring amoxicillin in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples demands reliable, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical methods. While chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and LC-MS offer high precision, they are often inaccessible in low-resource or field settings due to equipment and cost constraints. Paper electrophoresis, a classical yet continually evolving separation method, has re-emerged as a sustainable and field-compatible alternative. Its simplicity, portability, and low reagent consumption make it ideal for on-site antibiotic analysis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of paper electrophoresis for amoxicillin determination, tracing its historical development, fundamental principles, and technical evolution into modern portable systems. It further examines recent innovations, including paper-based microfluidic devices (µPADs), smartphone-assisted detection, and hybrid electrophoretic-electrochemical platforms. Applications in pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and environmental surveillance are discussed, highlighting the method’s growing relevance to green analytical chemistry. Finally, challenges related to sensitivity, standardization, and reproducibility are addressed, alongside future perspectives for integrating artificial intelligence, biosensors, and lab-on-paper technologies. Collectively, these advancements position paper electrophoresis as a promising analytical approach for sustainable antibiotic monitoring and environmental stewardship.

A review on: pharmacological activity of therapeutic application and estimation of mentha leaf

Sireesha Badri — 2025-11-19

It is widely cultivated for its leaves and essential oil, which are rich in menthol and used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and perfumery.In Ayurveda, mint is prescribed for digestive problems, respiratory ailments, and skin disorders. In Unani medicine, it is valued as a cooling and refreshing herb that balances the body's humors. Traditional Chinese medicine uses mint to relieve sore throat, fever, and headaches.Water requirement of mints is very high. Depending on soil and climatic conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9 times before the first monsoon.Essential oil from Mentha spicata (spearmint) has demonstrated potential in reducing the severity of IBS symptoms, particularly abdominal pain and bloating. Mint contains phenolic acids and flavonoids that contribute to its strong antioxidant activity, which helps neutralize free radicals and protect cells from oxidative stress. Mixed cultivation with mintAlthough mint is said to repel cabbage white butterflies and Colorado potato beetles, it is generally not advisable to plant this proliferating herb in vegetable beds. Once the cutting develops roots (this can take about a week in water), it's ready to be planted in a pot.

Pharmacological evaluation of the ethanolic extract of alpinia calcarata rhizomes for anti-asthmatic activity

Zaman Muminuz — 2025-10-21

The present study investigates the anti-asthmatic activity of the ethanolic extract of Alpinia calcarata rhizomes (EEAC) using histamine aerosol-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs and milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia in mice. The rhizomes were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, powdered, and extracted using ethanol through Soxhlet extraction, yielding 17% w/w extract. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, phenols, steroids, proteins, carbohydrates, and cardiac glycosides. Acute toxicity studies, conducted as per OECD guidelines 423, showed no mortality up to 2000 mg/kg, indicating the extract’s safety. In vivo studies demonstrated significant protection against histamine-induced bronchospasm, with maximum protection (62.62%) observed at 200 mg/kg, comparable to the standard drug chlorpheniramine maleate. The extract also significantly reduced milk-induced leukocytosis and eosinophilia, indicating anti-inflammatory potential. The anti-asthmatic effects may be attributed to the presence of flavonoids and steroids, known for their bronchodilatory and antioxidant properties. The results validate the traditional use of Alpinia calcarata in asthma management and suggest further studies to isolate and characterize the bioactive compounds responsible for these effects.