UPI Journal of Pharmaceutical, Medical and Health Sciences

A Review of the Role of FTIR, NMR, and Raman Spectroscopy in Drug Product Characterisation

2026-05-06T15:37:48-04:00

Drug product characterisation is a critical aspect of pharmaceutical development, ensuring the quality, safety, and efficacy of finished dosage forms. Spectroscopic techniques play a vital role in this process by providing rapid, reliable, and non-destructive analysis of drug substances and formulations. Among these, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and Raman spectroscopy are widely employed due to their complementary analytical capabilities. FTIR is primarily used for functional group identification and compatibility studies, while NMR offers detailed structural elucidation and impurity profiling at the molecular level. Raman spectroscopy, with its minimal interference from water and suitability for in situ analysis, is particularly useful for polymorphic characterisation and real-time monitoring. These techniques collectively support critical applications such as structural confirmation, detection of degradation products, polymorphism analysis, and drug–excipient interaction studies. Their combined use enhances analytical accuracy and provides comprehensive insight into pharmaceutical systems. With ongoing advancements in instrumentation, chemometrics, and process analytical technology, spectroscopic methods are expected to play an increasingly significant role in modern pharmaceutical analysis and quality control.

SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PSEUDOEPHEDRINE, AMBROXOL AND DESLORATIDINE IN COMBINED TABLET DOSAGE FORM BY USING RP-HPLC

2026-07-25T10:39:01-04:00

For the simultaneous estimation of Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine in combined tablet dosage form, a practical, sensitive RP-HPLC technique has been developed and validated by choosing chromatographic parameters. On Inertsil ODS C18 (250 x 4.6 ID, 5 µm) with mobile phases containing a mixture of Buffer: Acetonitrile and Methanol (45:25:30 %v/v/v), isocratic elution mode was used to separate the drugs Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine from their process related substances. With a detection wavelength of 274 nm, the flow rate was set to 1 mL/minute, and the injection volume was set at 10 µL with a 9-minute run time. The developed method's appropriateness was examined and confirmed in accordance with the ICH (Q2 R2) guidelines for studies on specificity, Linearity, Accuracy, Precision, Detection limit, Quantification limit and Robustness. Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine had retention times of 2.37 minutes, 3.97 minutes and 5.45 minutes, respectively. For Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine, linearity was found in the concentration ranges of 15-90 µg/mL, 30-180 µg/mL and 2.5-15 µg/mL, respectively. For Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine, the percentage recoveries ranged from 99.57-100.48%, 99.38-100.39% and 100.14-100.57%, respectively. The method was proven to be useful for determining and validating the presence of Pseudoephedrine, Ambroxol and Desloratidine in combined tablet dosage form.

Association of miR-192 Expression with Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Case-Control Study

2026-09-13T04:12:36-04:00

Background and Objectives: Infection with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major threat to global health that can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, progressive fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and hepatic steatosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional regulators and mediators of viral pathogenesis. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between liver function during HCV infection and the expression profile of miR-192. Methods: Seventy healthy controls and 70 HCV patients participated in a case-control study. Serum biochemical markers-including albumin, ALP, ALT, AST, and total serum bilirubin (TSB)-were evaluated using standard clinical assays. The 2−ΔΔCT method was used to measure the relative gene expression of miR-192 using total RNA extraction and quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). Results: There were no statistically significant (P > 0.05) age or gender distribution differences between the cohorts. Biochemical profiling revealed significant elevations in serum liver enzymes and TSB, as well as a significant decrease in serum albumin (P < 0.05) among patients. Molecular expression analysis showed that the patient group had a statistically significant downregulation of miR-192 in comparison to healthy controls (patient mean fold change: 0.285 versus control mean fold change: 1.00; P < 0.05). Gender-stratified analyses showed significant variations in fold change values between male and female subgroups. The correlations between clinical liver function parameters and the expression levels of miR-192 were analysed using Pearson correlation test. Conclusion: The considerable downregulation of miR-192 in HCV patients indicates its potential as a non-invasive biomarker to evaluate liver damage.

Annexin A5 (ANXA5) M2 Promoter Haplotype and Plasma Annexin A5 Level in Iraqi Women with Unexplained Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

2026-10-09T21:50:28-04:00

Unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (uRPL) leaves many couples without a cause or a clear plan. Annexin A5 (ANXA5) lines the villous surface of the placenta as an anticoagulant shield, and the M2 haplotype of its promoter lowers gene expression. Data from Iraq are lacking. In this case–control study we enrolled 100 women with uRPL and 100 parous controls without pregnancy loss. The M2 haplotype was typed by PCR and Sanger sequencing of the ANXA5 core promoter, and plasma ANXA5 was measured by sandwich ELISA. Genotypes in both groups were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. M2 carriers made up 32% of patients and 14% of controls (M2 allele frequency 0.190 vs 0.075). Carriage raised the odds of uRPL under the dominant model (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.43–5.84) and the allelic model (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.53–5.45). The effect held after adjustment for age and body mass index (adjusted OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.40–5.84) but was attenuated when plasma ANXA5 was added to the model (OR 1.30, p = 0.534), consistent with partial mediation. Plasma ANXA5 was lower in patients than in controls (1.82 ± 0.61 vs 2.64 ± 0.72 ng/mL, p < 0.001). Within patients it fell stepwise from N/N to M2/N to M2/M2 women and correlated inversely with the number of losses (r = −0.38). A cut-off of ≤2.10 ng/mL separated patients from controls with an area under the curve of 0.81, a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 78%. Maternal M2 carriage and low plasma ANXA5 appear to mark a thrombotic subgroup of uRPL in Iraqi women, and both deserve testing in larger prospective cohorts.