A review on advances in paper electrophoresis method for amoxicillin: environmental and clinical applications

Madhuchandana G; Asma Parveen SK; Prapurna Chandra Yadala; Suchithra M

doi:10.37022/jpmhs.v8i4.154

Authors

G. Madhuchandana B.Pharmacy 4th year, Ratnam institute of pharmacy, Pidhapulour(V), Muthukur(M), SPSR Nellore Dt.524346, Andhra Pradesh.
SK. Asma Parveen Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V), Muthukur(M), SPSR Nellore Dt.524346, Andhra Pradesh.
Yadala Prapurna Chandra Principal and Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Ratnam Institute of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur (V & P), Muthukur (M), SPSR Nellore District-524 346, Andhra Pradesh
M. Suchithra Professor & HOD,Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Ratnam Institute Of Pharmacy, Pidathapolur(V&P), Muthukur(M), SPSR Nellore District-524346, Andhra Pradesh.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37022/jpmhs.v8i4.154

Keywords:

Amoxicillin, Paper electrophoresis, Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (µPADs), Environmental monitoring, Field-compatible diagnostics

Abstract

Amoxicillin, a broad-spectrum β-lactam antibiotic, remains one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in human and veterinary medicine. However, its extensive global use and incomplete metabolism have led to widespread environmental contamination and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Monitoring amoxicillin in clinical, pharmaceutical, and environmental samples demands reliable, sensitive, and cost-effective analytical methods. While chromatographic techniques such as HPLC and LC-MS offer high precision, they are often inaccessible in low-resource or field settings due to equipment and cost constraints. Paper electrophoresis, a classical yet continually evolving separation method, has re-emerged as a sustainable and field-compatible alternative. Its simplicity, portability, and low reagent consumption make it ideal for on-site antibiotic analysis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of paper electrophoresis for amoxicillin determination, tracing its historical development, fundamental principles, and technical evolution into modern portable systems. It further examines recent innovations, including paper-based microfluidic devices (µPADs), smartphone-assisted detection, and hybrid electrophoretic-electrochemical platforms. Applications in pharmaceutical quality control, therapeutic drug monitoring, and environmental surveillance are discussed, highlighting the method’s growing relevance to green analytical chemistry. Finally, challenges related to sensitivity, standardization, and reproducibility are addressed, alongside future perspectives for integrating artificial intelligence, biosensors, and lab-on-paper technologies. Collectively, these advancements position paper electrophoresis as a promising analytical approach for sustainable antibiotic monitoring and environmental stewardship.

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