RECENT ADVANCES IN SAMPLE PREPARATION TECHNIQUES FOR DRUG BIOANALYSIS: CURRENT TRENDS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
Keywords:
Bioanalytical sample preparation, LC–MS/MS, Solid-phase extraction, Liquid–liquid extraction, Microextraction techniques, Nanotechnology-based extraction, Green analytical chemistryAbstract
Bioanalytical sample preparation plays a crucial role in pharmaceutical, clinical, and biomedical research by enabling accurate isolation, purification, and quantification of drugs, metabolites, peptides, proteins, and biomarkers from complex biological matrices. Biological samples such as plasma, serum, urine, saliva, and tissues contain proteins, phospholipids, salts, and endogenous compounds that interfere with chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis. Therefore, efficient sample preparation is essential to improve sensitivity, selectivity, extraction recovery, and matrix clean-up in LC–MS/MS and chromatographic bioanalysis. Conventional techniques, including protein precipitation (PPT), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), solid-phase extraction (SPE), filtration, and ultrafiltration, remain widely employed in routine pharmaceutical analysis. Recent advancements have led to the development of modern extraction approaches such as supported liquid extraction (SLE), salting-out assisted liquid extraction (SALLE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), and microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS). Nanotechnology-based extraction systems, green analytical chemistry approaches, automation, and AI-assisted sample preparation have further enhanced analytical efficiency and sustainability. Emerging techniques including electro membrane extraction (EME), dried blood spot (DBS), molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs), and miniaturized extraction platforms are transforming modern bioanalysis. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances, applications, advantages, limitations, and future trends in sample preparation techniques for drug bioanalysis.
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