New Validated Analytical Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin and Etrugliflozin in Combined Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms by Using RP-HPLC

Sat, 15 Aug 2026 00:00:00 -0400

The present research focuses on the development and validation of a Reverse Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of Metformin and Etrugliflozine in combined pharmaceutical dosage forms. The primary objective of this study was to establish a simple, accurate, precise, and cost-effective analytical method suitable for routine quality control and stability analysis. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a BDS C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) with a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 45:55 v/v, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. Detection was performed at a wavelength of 224 nm, where both drugs exhibited significant absorbance. Under the optimized chromatographic conditions, sharp and symmetrical peaks were obtained with retention times of 2.186 minutes for Metformin and 2.908 minutes for Etrugliflozine, showing excellent resolution and separation. The developed method was validated as per the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH Q2 R1) guidelines. The method demonstrated good linearity over the concentration range of 50–300 µg/mL for Metformin and 0.75–4.5 µg/mL for Etrugliflozine, with correlation coefficients (R²) greater than 0.999. Accuracy studies showed mean recoveries between 98% and 102%, while precision results confirmed reproducibility with %RSD values below 2. The method also proved to be robust and specific, showing no interference from excipients or degradation products. Hence, the developed RP-HPLC method is rapid, reliable, and suitable for routine simultaneous analysis of Metformin and Etrugliflozine in combined dosage forms.

Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Critical Review of Mechanistic Frameworks, Emerging Methods and Applications

Rawaa Naeamah Abdullah — Thu, 27 Aug 2026 00:00:00 -0400

Asymmetric organocatalysis, the acceleration of enantioselective reactions by small chiral organic molecules, has developed within two decades from a set of isolated observations into a mature and independent branch of catalysis. Its appeal rests on a combination of practical advantages: the catalysts are metal-free, frequently derived from the chiral pool, tolerant of air and moisture, and compatible with the aims of green chemistry. This review examines the mechanistic basis of the field and the methodological developments that have shaped it, with emphasis on the period from 2018 to 2025. The two governing activation regimes, covalent (enamine, iminium and N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis) and non-covalent (hydrogen-bond donation, Brønsted acid catalysis and ion pairing), are treated in terms of the frontier-orbital and non-covalent-interaction arguments that rationalise stereocontrol. Attention then turns to five areas in which the field has moved most rapidly: dual and cooperative catalysis, in which organocatalysts are combined with transition metals or with one another; the merger of chiral amine catalysis with visible-light photoredox catalysis, which has made enantioselective radical chemistry a practical proposition; enantioselective hydrogen atom transfer and related open-shell manifolds; electrochemical and mechanochemical implementations; and confined Brønsted acids such as the imidodiphosphorimidates, whose enzyme-like active sites have brought previously intractable substrates within reach. Applications in pharmaceutical process chemistry, natural product total synthesis and sustainable manufacture are surveyed, and the outstanding limitations of the field, principally catalyst loading, substrate generality and catalyst incompatibility in multicatalytic systems, are assessed. Data-driven catalyst design and continued convergence with photochemical, electrochemical and enzymatic catalysis are identified as the developments most likely to determine the next phase of the discipline.

UPI Journal of Chemical and Life Sciences

New Validated Analytical Method for the Simultaneous Estimation of Metformin and Etrugliflozin in Combined Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms by Using RP-HPLC

Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A Critical Review of Mechanistic Frameworks, Emerging Methods and Applications