Pharmacological Therapies for Male Infertility

Abstract

Male infertility is a significant reproductive health issue, defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular, unprotected intercourse. It accounts for approximately 50% of infertility cases in couples and is a primary indication for assisted reproductive techniques (ART). Among the various causes of male infertility, testicular failure is the most common but remains the least studied. Recent advancements in diagnostics and treatment approaches have provided new insights into its etiology and management. This review aims to provide a comprehensive, evidence-based summary of male infertility due to testicular failure, focusing on its causes, clinical assessment, and current therapeutic strategies for study examined various diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, including molecular diagnostics, genetic studies, hormonal treatments, and surgical interventions Male infertility is a multifactorial condition with diverse underlying causes, including genetic, environmental, anatomical, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Testicular failure, characterized by impaired spermatogenesis, is a predominant cause, yet nearly 40% of cases remain idiopathic. Advances in molecular diagnostic tools, such as reactive oxidative species (ROS) analysis and DNA fragmentation assays, have improved the ability to assess sperm function, although these remain largely in the research phase. Diagnosis involves a combination of physical examination, semen analysis, hormonal profiling, testicular biopsy, and genetic screening to identify underlying abnormalities.