Challenges and Opportunities in the Early Detection and Prevention of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Keywords:
Cancer prevention, early detection, screening, oncology, biomarkers, public health, genomicsAbstract
Cancer continues to pose one of the greatest global health burdens, accounting for nearly ten million deaths annually. Early detection and prevention remain the most effective strategies to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with cancer. However, the implementation of these strategies is hindered by various biological, technological, socioeconomic, and systemic barriers. This comprehensive review explores the current challenges in achieving effective early detection and prevention across different cancer types and regions. It also highlights emerging innovations-including genomic screening, artificial intelligence, precision public health, and molecular diagnostics-that offer transformative potential in detecting cancers earlier and preventing disease onset. While significant progress has been made in the development of novel biomarkers, non-invasive diagnostic tools, and public health initiatives, equitable access and integration into health systems remain key obstacles. Ultimately, the convergence of technology, policy reform, and population-based prevention offers a roadmap toward a future in which most cancers can be prevented or detected at a curable stage.
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