Zoology, Ecology and Pharma Advances

Investigation of Lipid Profile Abnormalities in Cardiovascular Disease Patient

Kamran Khan — 2026-04-16

Background: CHD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality on a global scale and is highly linked with the abnormalities in lipid profile parameters, including cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).

Objective: To evaluate the lipid profile parameters and their association with gender in patients with coronary heart disease

Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was done at Udhyana Institute of Medical Sciences (UIMS), Abbottabad. There were 300 CHD patients (male and female). Blood samples were obtained and lipid profile parameters of total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL analysed using standard laboratory procedures.

Results: High cholesterol was found in 13% of male patients and high triglycerides were found in 35% of male patients and high cholesterol in 23% and high triglycerides in 28% of female patients. The levels of HDL varied with 10% of the male population and 12% of the female population having high levels. High LDL levels were seen in 14% of men and 15% of women. The chi-square test showed that there was no statistically significant relationship between gender and the lipid profile parameters (p > 0.05).

Conclusion: CHD patients have dyslipidemia, which is more common in males than in females, but there was no significant gender-specific associations. Lipid abnormalities screening and treatment should be conducted regularly and at an early age to minimize the risk and complications of CHD.

Nanoparticles (NPS) Based Drug Delivery System for Cancer Therapy

Sai Manikanta G — 2026-04-17

Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems represent a breakthrough in modern medicine, offering a promising strategy for targeted, controlled, and efficient cancer therapy. Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, characterized by complex pathophysiology. Traditional therapeutic approaches such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy, though effective to some extent, face significant limitations including poor selectivity, systemic toxicity, and the development of multidrug resistance, which hinder successful treatment outcomes.The advent of nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer diagnosis and therapy by enabling site-specific delivery, improved drug sstability, and enhanced therapeutic efficacy. Various nanocarriers-such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and metallic nanoparticles-have been widely explored for applications in chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy. Despite existing challenges related to large-scale production, biocompatibility, and long-term safety, nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery continues to advance rapidly. Future research is expected to focus on personalized nanomedicine, smart and multifunctional nanocarriers, gene-editing nanoparticle systems, and environmentally friendly (“green”) nanotechnology for safer and more effective cancer treatments. This review highlights the different types of nanoparticles and their targeting mechanisms in cancer drug delivery systems.

Pharmacological Management of Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Drug Selection, Treatment Guidelines, Interactions, and Safety

Jayanth P — 2026-04-13

Hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are among the most prevalent chronic conditions worldwide and commonly coexist in the same patient. The simultaneous presence of these two conditions significantly amplifies the risk of cardiovascular, renal, and cerebrovascular complications. Optimal pharmacological management of hypertension in diabetic patients requires careful drug selection that not only controls blood pressure but also confers cardiorenal protective benefits. This literature review aims to evaluate the pharmacological classes used in managing hypertension in T2DM patients, analyze current treatment guidelines, assess drug-drug and drug-disease interactions, and highlight safety considerations critical for clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive search of published literature was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar databases. Studies, clinical trial reports, and established treatment guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA), Joint National Committee (JNC 8), and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) were reviewed and synthesized. Conclusions: ACE inhibitors and ARBs remain the first-line agents of choice in hypertensive T2DM patients, particularly in those with proteinuria or diabetic nephropathy, owing to their proven renoprotective and cardioprotective properties. Combination therapy is frequently required to achieve target blood pressure goals, but must be approached with vigilance to avoid nephrotoxic combinations and electrolyte imbalances. Individualized pharmacological management guided by comorbidities, organ function, and drug interaction profiles is essential.

Pharmacological Management of Hypertension in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: Drug Selection, Treatment Guidelines, Interactions, and Safety

Venkata Lakshmi Keerthy Yeruva — 2026-04-26

Alcohol consumption is a major global determinant of liver disease, spanning a spectrum from reversible steatosis to progressive fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The relationship between the amount, pattern, and duration of alcohol exposure and liver injury is influenced by host genetics, comorbid metabolic disease, nutritional status, gut–liver axis perturbations, and coexisting hepatic insults such as viral hepatitis. This review synthesizes current knowledge on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic biomarkers, management strategies, and prevention approaches for alcohol-related liver injury. It highlights mechanisms-including ethanol metabolism, oxidative stress, immune activation, and fibrogenesis-that mediate hepatocellular damage and examines modifiers that shape individual susceptibility. Finally, we outline evidence-based clinical approaches and gaps that require future research.

Challenges and Opportunities in the Early Detection and Prevention of Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Ravi Kumar Konda — 2026-04-26

Cancer continues to pose one of the greatest global health burdens, accounting for nearly ten million deaths annually. Early detection and prevention remain the most effective strategies to reduce morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with cancer. However, the implementation of these strategies is hindered by various biological, technological, socioeconomic, and systemic barriers. This comprehensive review explores the current challenges in achieving effective early detection and prevention across different cancer types and regions. It also highlights emerging innovations-including genomic screening, artificial intelligence, precision public health, and molecular diagnostics-that offer transformative potential in detecting cancers earlier and preventing disease onset. While significant progress has been made in the development of novel biomarkers, non-invasive diagnostic tools, and public health initiatives, equitable access and integration into health systems remain key obstacles. Ultimately, the convergence of technology, policy reform, and population-based prevention offers a roadmap toward a future in which most cancers can be prevented or detected at a curable stage.